The horse was domesticated in the Eurasian Steppes around 3500 BC. In Mesoamerica, wild teosinte was bred into maize by 6,000 years ago. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 5,600 years ago, and was independently domesticated in Eurasia. Sorghum was domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa by 7,000 years ago. Sugarcane and some root vegetables were domesticated in New Guinea around 9,000 years ago. In the Andes of South America, the potato was domesticated between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, along with beans, coca, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs. Pig production emerged in Eurasia, including Europe, East Asia and Southwest Asia, where wild boar were first domesticated about 10,500 years ago.
Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan some 10,500 years ago. Sheep were domesticated in Mesopotamia between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago. Rice was domesticated in China between 11,500 and 6,200 BC with the earliest known cultivation from 5,700 BC, followed by mung, soy and azuki beans. In the Paleolithic Levant, 23,000 years ago, cereals cultivation of emmer, barley, and oats has been observed near the sea of Galilee. Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa, in at least 11 separate centers of origin. The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering. Genetically modified organisms are widely used, although some are banned in certain countries. Agriculture is both a cause of and sensitive to environmental degradation, such as biodiversity loss, desertification, soil degradation, and global warming, all of which can cause decreases in crop yield. Environmental issues include contributions to global warming, depletion of aquifers, deforestation, antibiotic resistance, and other agricultural pollution. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat but have raised concerns about animal welfare and environmental damage. Modern agronomy, plant breeding, agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers, and technological developments have sharply increased crop yields, but cause ecological and environmental damage. Over one-third of the world's workers are employed in agriculture, second only to the service sector, although in recent decades, the global trend of a decreasing number of agricultural workers continues, especially in developing countries, where smallholding is being overtaken by industrial agriculture and mechanization that brings an enormous crop yield increase. Food classes include cereals ( grains), vegetables, fruits, cooking oils, meat, milk, eggs, and fungi. The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials (such as rubber). Industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture in the twentieth century came to dominate agricultural output, though about 2 billion people still depended on subsistence agriculture. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. Pigs, sheep, goats, and cattle were domesticated over 10,000 years ago. After gathering wild grains beginning at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers began to plant them around 11,500 years ago. The history of agriculture began thousands of years ago. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock.
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